{"id":902,"date":"2017-02-08T12:45:59","date_gmt":"2017-02-08T11:45:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/geospectrum.pl\/elektrooporowe\/"},"modified":"2025-05-15T09:02:54","modified_gmt":"2025-05-15T07:02:54","slug":"resistivity","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.geospectrum.pl\/en\/geophysics\/resistivity\/","title":{"rendered":"RESISTIVITY SURVEYS"},"content":{"rendered":"<section class=\"l-section wpb_row tlotresc height_medium with_img\"><div class=\"l-section-img\" role=\"img\" data-img-width=\"1400\" data-img-height=\"308\" style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/www.geospectrum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/naglowek.jpg);\"><\/div><div class=\"l-section-h i-cf\"><div class=\"g-cols vc_row via_flex valign_top type_default stacking_default\"><div class=\"vc_col-sm-12 wpb_column vc_column_container\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"l-section wpb_row height_medium\"><div class=\"l-section-h i-cf\"><div class=\"g-cols vc_row via_flex valign_top type_default stacking_default\"><div class=\"vc_col-sm-8 wpb_column vc_column_container tresc has_bg_color\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner us_custom_4fb9e5a3\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"g-cols wpb_row okruszki-kontener via_flex valign_top type_default stacking_default\"><div class=\"vc_col-sm-12 wpb_column vc_column_container\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"wpb_text_column okruszki\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.geospectrum.pl\/en\/\">Main Page<\/a>\u00a0|\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.geospectrum.pl\/en\/knowledge-base\/\">Knowledge base<\/a>\u00a0|\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.geospectrum.pl\/en\/geophysics\">Geophysics<\/a>\u00a0| Resistivity surveys<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"g-cols wpb_row tresc-kontener via_flex valign_top type_default stacking_default\"><div class=\"vc_col-sm-12 wpb_column vc_column_container\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"wpb_text_column\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><h1>RESISTIVITY SURVEYS<\/h1>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.geospectrum.pl\/en\/geophysics\">Geophysical surveys<\/a>, which use geoelectrical methods base on the variation of electrical parameters of the soil. To understand the phenomena in ground-rock medium, in which electric current flows, it must be realized that such substrate resists while electric current flows through it. According to Ohm&#8217;s Law, resistance R is directly proportional to applied voltage U and inversely proportional to current intensity I. Basic parameter which is calculated using geoelectrical methods is electrical resistivity of the soil. Therefore, geoelectrical methods are equated with electrical resistivity methods. Resistivity is the property of material and on its basis we are able to characterize the ground below the surface.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"g-cols wpb_row via_flex valign_top type_default stacking_default\"><div class=\"vc_col-sm-12 wpb_column vc_column_container\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"w-image align_center\"><div class=\"w-image-h\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"550\" height=\"411\" src=\"https:\/\/www.geospectrum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/schemat_elektrooporowa.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"resistivity surveys, resistivity tomography\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.geospectrum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/schemat_elektrooporowa.png 550w, https:\/\/www.geospectrum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/schemat_elektrooporowa-300x224.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"g-cols wpb_row via_flex valign_middle type_default stacking_default\"><div class=\"vc_col-sm-12 wpb_column vc_column_container\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"wpb_text_column\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><p>The essence of electrical resistivity surveys is the flow of current of known intensity I from current electrodes (AB) to electrodes (MN) that measure potential (potential electrodes). It results in difference of potentials and the voltage U allows to determine the electrical resistivity of the ground. However determined resistivity in field (in situ), is so-called apparent resistivity which depends on the actual resistivities of individual layers of the ground.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_text_column\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><h2>Depending on the purpose of the survey there are carried out three types of acquisitions:<\/h2>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"g-cols wpb_row via_flex valign_middle type_default stacking_default\"><div class=\"vc_col-sm-7 wpb_column vc_column_container\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"wpb_text_column\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><h3>vertical electrical soundings 1D (VES)<\/h3>\n<p>(PSE, SGE,VES) &#8211; Current electrodes are relegated from the potential electrodes in subsequent steps. Increasing the distance between current electrodes results in increased depth the are the larger the depth of investigation is. Depending on terrain and geological conditions it could be used different array spreads. This method is suitable for tracking the vertical changes e.g. variations in thickness of the layers and their continuity.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"w-btn-wrapper align_none\"><a class=\"w-btn us-btn-style_4 us_custom_80a192e9\" href=\"http:\/\/www.geospectrum.pl\/en\/geophysics\/resistivity\/resistivity-sounding\"><span class=\"w-btn-label\">See more<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_col-sm-5 wpb_column vc_column_container\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"w-image align_center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.geospectrum.pl\/en\/geophysics\/resistivity\/resistivity-sounding\" aria-label=\"resistivity surveys, vertical electrical sounding VES results graph\" class=\"w-image-h\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"135\" src=\"https:\/\/www.geospectrum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/sondowanie_small.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"resistivity surveys, vertical electrical sounding VES\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"g-cols wpb_row via_flex valign_middle type_default stacking_default\"><div class=\"vc_col-sm-7 wpb_column vc_column_container\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"wpb_text_column\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><h3>electrical profiling 1D (EP)<\/h3>\n<p>(PE) &#8211; The whole array is moved along the profile with unchanged geometry of the array. The assumption in this method is constant depth of investigation. This method is suitable for tracking horizontal changes in the ground e.g. different types of domes, vertical pinch out, dislocation zones, sincines, anticlines&#8230;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"w-btn-wrapper align_none\"><a class=\"w-btn us-btn-style_4 us_custom_80a192e9\" href=\"http:\/\/www.geospectrum.pl\/en\/geophysics\/resistivity\/resistivity-profiling\"><span class=\"w-btn-label\">See more<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_col-sm-5 wpb_column vc_column_container\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"w-image align_center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.geospectrum.pl\/en\/geophysics\/resistivity\/resistivity-profiling\" aria-label=\"resistivity surveys, electrical profiling EP results graph\" class=\"w-image-h\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"97\" src=\"https:\/\/www.geospectrum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/profilowanie_elektrooporowe01_small.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"resistivity surveys, electrical profiling EP\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"g-cols wpb_row via_flex valign_middle type_default stacking_default\"><div class=\"vc_col-sm-7 wpb_column vc_column_container\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"wpb_text_column\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><h3>resistivity tomography 2D<\/h3>\n<p>(ERT, resistivity imaging) &#8211; This method is combination of electrical sounding and profiling. This method gives the best results and its another advantage is the short time of measurement.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"w-btn-wrapper align_none\"><a class=\"w-btn us-btn-style_4 us_custom_80a192e9\" href=\"http:\/\/www.geospectrum.pl\/en\/geophysics\/resistivity\/resistivity-tomography\"><span class=\"w-btn-label\">See more<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_col-sm-5 wpb_column vc_column_container\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"w-image align_center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.geospectrum.pl\/en\/geophysics\/resistivity\/resistivity-tomography\" aria-label=\"resistivity surveys, electrical resistivity tomography ERT cross-section\" class=\"w-image-h\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"79\" src=\"https:\/\/www.geospectrum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/ERT_small.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"resistivity surveys, electrical resistivity tomography ERT\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"g-cols wpb_row via_flex valign_top type_default stacking_default\"><div class=\"vc_col-sm-12 wpb_column vc_column_container\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"wpb_text_column\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><p>Selection of a particular methodology and measuring system depends on the local geological structure of the object and its location.<br \/>\nThe final result is the geological-geophysical interpretation of engineering studies.<\/p>\n<p align=\"left\">Resistivity method (geoelectric) using the above technique is commonly used to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>determine the ground and water conditions, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.geospectrum.pl\/pl\/zastosowania\/podloze\">More&#8230;<\/a><\/li>\n<li>recognition of the geological structure in order to locate the areas of occurrence of groundwater,<\/li>\n<li>post-minig voids location,<\/li>\n<li>control the effectiveness of backfilling of voids and loosened the ground in areas of shallow mining,<\/li>\n<li>location of the water table, aquifers and groundwater,<\/li>\n<li>faults location,<\/li>\n<li>determine the areas of hydraulic breaks in flood embankments,<\/li>\n<li>shape the range of mineral and rock deposits,<\/li>\n<li>range of detection of contamination \/ pollution of soil and groundwater,<\/li>\n<li>establish the boundaries between freshwater and saltwater,<\/li>\n<li>determining the direction, speed and volume flow of water,<\/li>\n<li>determining the location of the prospective areas of shots and well boreholes in aquifers,<\/li>\n<li>location of buried metal objects,<\/li>\n<li>archaeological studies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_col-sm-4 wpb_column vc_column_container\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">[vc_wp_custommenu title=&#8221;Resistivity surveys&#8221; nav_menu=&#8221;24&#8243;]<div class=\"wpb_text_column ofertatresc\"><div 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src=\"https:\/\/www.geospectrum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/budownictwo-1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-us_600_600_crop size-us_600_600_crop wp-post-image\" alt=\"GeoSpectrum - Budownictwo\" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"w-html usg_html_1\"><\/div><div class=\"w-post-elm post_image usg_post_image_2 stretched\"><a href=\"http:\/\/geospectrum.pl\/en\/applications\/engineering\/\" aria-label=\"Engineering\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"320\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/www.geospectrum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/budownictwo-1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-us_600_600_crop size-us_600_600_crop wp-post-image\" alt=\"GeoSpectrum - Budownictwo\" \/><\/a><\/div><h2 class=\"w-post-elm post_title usg_post_title_1 has_text_color align_center entry-title color_link_inherit\"><a href=\"http:\/\/geospectrum.pl\/en\/applications\/engineering\/\">Engineering<\/a><\/h2><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t<\/article>\r\n\t<article class=\"w-grid-item size_1x1 custom-link post-439 us_portfolio type-us_portfolio status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry us_portfolio_category-oferta-en\" data-id=\"439\">\r\n\t\t<div class=\"w-grid-item-h\" style=\"background:rgba(0,0,0,0);\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"http:\/\/geospectrum.pl\/en\/applications\/objects-location\/\" aria-label=\"Objects&lt;br&gt;location\"><\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"w-vwrapper usg_vwrapper_2 align_center valign_middle\"><div class=\"w-post-elm post_image usg_post_image_1 stretched\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.geospectrum.pl\/en\/portfolio\/lokalizacjaobiektow\/\" aria-label=\"Objectslocation\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"365\" height=\"365\" src=\"https:\/\/www.geospectrum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/wielkokubaturowe01.png\" class=\"attachment-us_600_600_crop size-us_600_600_crop wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.geospectrum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/wielkokubaturowe01.png 365w, https:\/\/www.geospectrum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/wielkokubaturowe01-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.geospectrum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/wielkokubaturowe01-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.geospectrum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/wielkokubaturowe01-350x350.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 365px) 100vw, 365px\" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"w-html usg_html_1\"><\/div><div class=\"w-post-elm post_image usg_post_image_2 stretched\"><a href=\"http:\/\/geospectrum.pl\/en\/applications\/objects-location\/\" aria-label=\"Objectslocation\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"365\" height=\"365\" src=\"https:\/\/www.geospectrum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/wielkokubaturowe01.png\" class=\"attachment-us_600_600_crop size-us_600_600_crop wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.geospectrum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/wielkokubaturowe01.png 365w, https:\/\/www.geospectrum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/wielkokubaturowe01-300x300.png 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valign_middle\"><div class=\"w-post-elm post_image usg_post_image_1 stretched\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.geospectrum.pl\/en\/portfolio\/geofizykaposzykiwawcza\/\" aria-label=\"Explorationgeophysics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"320\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/www.geospectrum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/geofizyka-poszukiwawcza-1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-us_600_600_crop size-us_600_600_crop wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"w-html usg_html_1\"><\/div><div class=\"w-post-elm post_image usg_post_image_2 stretched\"><a href=\"http:\/\/geospectrum.pl\/en\/applications\/exploration-geophysics\/\" aria-label=\"Explorationgeophysics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"320\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/www.geospectrum.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/geofizyka-poszukiwawcza-1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-us_600_600_crop size-us_600_600_crop wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/div><h2 class=\"w-post-elm post_title usg_post_title_1 has_text_color align_center entry-title color_link_inherit\"><a href=\"http:\/\/geospectrum.pl\/en\/applications\/exploration-geophysics\/\">Exploration<br>geophysics<\/a><\/h2><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t<\/article>\r\n<\/div><div class=\"w-grid-preloader\">\t<div class=\"g-preloader type_1\">\r\n\t\t<div><\/div>\r\n\t<\/div>\r\n\t<\/div>\t<div class=\"w-grid-json hidden\" onclick='return {&quot;action&quot;:&quot;us_ajax_grid&quot;,&quot;infinite_scroll&quot;:0,&quot;max_num_pages&quot;:1,&quot;pagination&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;template_vars&quot;:{&quot;columns&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;exclude_items&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;img_size&quot;:&quot;us_600_600_crop&quot;,&quot;ignore_items_size&quot;:0,&quot;items_layout&quot;:&quot;3702&quot;,&quot;items_offset&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;load_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;overriding_link&quot;:&quot;{\\&quot;url\\&quot;:\\&quot;\\&quot;}&quot;,&quot;post_id&quot;:0,&quot;query_args&quot;:{&quot;post_type&quot;:[&quot;us_portfolio&quot;],&quot;tax_query&quot;:[{&quot;taxonomy&quot;:&quot;us_portfolio_category&quot;,&quot;field&quot;:&quot;slug&quot;,&quot;terms&quot;:[&quot;oferta-en&quot;]}],&quot;post_status&quot;:[&quot;publish&quot;],&quot;posts_per_page&quot;:999},&quot;orderby_query_args&quot;:{&quot;orderby&quot;:{&quot;date&quot;:&quot;ASC&quot;}},&quot;type&quot;:&quot;grid&quot;,&quot;us_grid_post_type&quot;:&quot;us_portfolio&quot;,&quot;us_grid_ajax_index&quot;:1,&quot;us_grid_filter_query_string&quot;:null,&quot;us_grid_index&quot;:1,&quot;page_args&quot;:[],&quot;lang&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}}'><\/div>\r\n\t<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":451,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-902","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.geospectrum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/902","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.geospectrum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.geospectrum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.geospectrum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.geospectrum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=902"}],"version-history":[{"count":21,"href":"https:\/\/www.geospectrum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/902\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5317,"href":"https:\/\/www.geospectrum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/902\/revisions\/5317"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.geospectrum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/451"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.geospectrum.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=902"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}